adverbial clause

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE  adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yaknimenerangkan kata kerja. Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction(kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Adverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause”
adverb adalah : kata keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat),
clause adalah  : anak kalimat.

RUMUS UMUM DAN CONTOH ADVERB CLAUSE :

Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet

Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya, Contoh:
- I met her when + was walking to school.
- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.
- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.

JENIS – JENIS ADVERBIAL CLAUSE :

Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction(kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh :

By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.

Shut the door before you go out.

 Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh :

Where there is a will, there is a way

They sat down wherever they could find empty seats

Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwaterjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as,how, like, in that, dll

Contoh :

You may finish it how you like.

They may beat us again, like they did in 1978

Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yangsaling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as thetime, dll

Contoh :

Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.

Although it is late, we’ll stay a little longer.

Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat denganmenggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the endthat, lest, in case, dll

Contoh :

He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.

I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon

Nadhavi was so beautiful that I loved her at first sight.

Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh :

It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.

The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more

Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if,unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), oncondition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh :

If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.

She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.

EXERCISE

·        No mather what she sald, I still love her  merupakan kalimat dari …

(Answer : Adverb Clause of Contrast)

·        Manakah yang merupakan kalimat dari Clause of Condition …

A.     If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

B.     I didn't call her because I'm shy.

C.     Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.

D.    After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.

(answer: A)

SUMBER :

http://nurraeni.blogspot.com/2011/03/pengertian-jenis-dan-contoh-adverbial.html

http://www.scribd.com/lelosrh/d/18307242-Adverb-Clause

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Kalimat langsung (Direct Speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”. Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan bentuk waktu reporting verb.

PENJELASAN

Untuk lebih memahami perbedaan antara direct speeh dengan indirect speech dapat dilihat dari contoh dibawah ini :

• He said : “ I am very hungry” (Direct speech)

• He said that he was very hungry (Indirect speech)

Catatan :

Dari contoh diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan antara direct speech dan indirect speech adalah bahwa dalam direct speech atau kalimat langsung memakai tanda kutip sedangkan dalam indirect speech atau kalimat tidak langsung tanda kutip tidak dipakai.

Direct dan Indirect speech dapat dibagi dalam 3 bagian :

1. Command (Perintah)

2. Statement (Pernyataan)

3. Question (Pertanyaan)

Penjelasan

1. 1. COMMAND

Command terdiri dari 2 jenis :

Positive Command dan Negative Command

Positive Command

Dalam pola ini kalimat pengantar dinyatakan dengan kata kerja : tell, ask, advise, etc. Diikuti oleh to infinitive.

Kalimat pengantar :

He asked me to

He told me to + reporter words

He ordered to

contoh-contoh positive command :

Direct : The teacher said to me : “open your book”

Indirect : The teacher asked me to open my book

Negative Command

Kalimat pengantar :

He asked me

He told me not to + reporter words

He ordered me

Contoh-contoh negative command :

• Direct : Father asked me : “ Don’t go out”

Indirect : Father asked me no to go out

1. 2. STATEMENT

Dalam indirect statement, “that” digunakan sebagai penghubung antar kalimat pengantar dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported speech)

Kalimat pengantar dalam statement :

He said

+that+reported words

He told me

Contoh-contoh :

• Direct : He said, “Adi is ill”

Indirect : He said that adi was ill

• Direct : She told me, “I am studying English now”

Indirect : she told me that she was studying English now

• Direct : Rina said, “he will work hard”

Indirect : Rina said that he would work hard

Catatan:

Ada beberapa perubahan perubahan dari Direct ke Indirect Speech

1. To be and Auxiliries

2. Time and Place

3. Tenses

1. 3. QUESTION

Bila pertanyaan langsung dalam bentuk YES dan NO answer maka IF atau WHETHER sebagai pendukung antara introductory phrase dan reported words.

Kalimat pengantar untuk pola ialah :

He asked me IF/WHETHER………

Contoh-contoh :

Direct : we asked the man “Do you like coffe?”

Indirect : we asked the man if/whether he liked coffe

Direct : seisy asked Helen : “have you seen that film?”

Indirect : seisy asked Helen if/whether she had seen that film

Direct : we asked him :”will you be doing anything by this time tomorrow?”

Indirect : we asked him if/whether he would be doing anything by this time tomorrow

Auxiliaries

Direct : the man asked me :’’can you speak English?

Indirect : the man asked me if/whether I could speak English

Bila pertanyaan menggunakan kata-kata Tanya seperti : where, when, what, why, who,whose,how,etc. maka kata-kata tersebut berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara introductory pharse dan reported words, dengan pola sbb:

He asked me + Question Words+reported words(positive)

Contoh-contoh :

Direct : we asked the man :’where do you live?”

Indirect : we asked the man where he lived

Direct : we asked him :’’ where were you going by 5 p.m yesterday?”

Indirect : we asked him where he had been going by 5 p.m yesterday

MIXED TYPE (GABUNGAN)

Bila suatu pernyataan(statement), dan pertanyaan (question) digabung maka digunakan kata penghubung AND dan AS. Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini:

Direct : adi said to seisi : I’am off to the movie. Where are you going?

Indirect : adi said to seisi that he was off to the movie and asked where she was going

Direct : the man asked me :’’what time is it? My watch has stopped’’

Indirect : the man asked me what time it was as his watch had stopped

Bila suatu pertanyaan dan jawabannya (YES & NO) digabung, maka digunakan kata penghubung AND dan BUT. Contoh :

Direct : I asked him:’’Do you like this?Yes, (I do)

Indirect : I asked him if/whether he liked that and he said he did

Direct : nia asked doni :’’will you go out tonight? No, (I won’t)

Indirect : nia asked donin if/whether he would go out that night but he said he wouldn’t

Beberapa hal penting yang perlu diperhatikan

A.Must

Dalam bentuk present

Must menjadi Had to

Contoh :

Direct :She told me, “You must stay She told me that

Indirect :here until 11.00” I had to stay there until 11.00

Dalam bentuk future

Must menjadi would have to

Contoh:

Direct :She told me,”you must come again tomorrow”

Indirect :She told me that I would have to come the following day

Larangan atau hukuman

Must menjadi musn’t/wasn’t to

Direct :He told me,”you musn’t drive a car without license”

Indirect :He told me that I musn’t a car without a license drive

B. Kebenaran umum tidak mengalami perubahan tense

Contoh :

Direct : he told me,’’the sun rises in the east”

Indirect : he told me the sun rises in the east

C. Offers (Menawarkan)

Contoh :

Direct : “shall I bring you some tea?”

Indirect :he offered to bring me some tea

D. Let’s

Let’s biasanya menyatakan suatu ajakan dan kemudian menjadi suatu saran dalam indirect speech

Contoh :

Direct : He said,”let’s leave the case at the station”

Indirect : He suggested leaving the case at the station

E . Exclamation

Exclamations(seruan,heran,kagum,dsb). Harus menjadi suatu pernyataan dalam indirect speech

Contoh:

Direct : he said,”what a beautiful hair she has!”

Indirect : he said that she had a beautiful hair

Direct : he said,”what a dreadful thing!”

Indirect : he said that it was a dreadful thing

Direct : he said, “how wonderful you are!”

Indirect : he said that you were wonderful

EXERCISE

1.      Direct     : rio says, ‘I am student.’

Indirect  : ?

(Answer : rio says that he is a student)

2.      Direct    : The doctor said to me : ”stay in bed for a few days”

Indirect :   ?

(Answer : The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days)

3.      Direct    : ?

Indirect : we asked the man if/whether he liked coffe

(Answer : we asked the man “Do you like coffe?”)

Sumber :

• http://dewwocure.blogspot.com/2011/04/pengertian-direct-and-indirect-speech.html#!/2011/04/contoh-direct-and-indirect.html

• http://jafar74.com/reported-speech-direct-and-indirect-speech